Academic achievement
- Across a 114 studies of students with ADHD and conduct disorder, it was examined that conduct disorder was associated with poorer academic outcomes and increased likelihood of not finishing high-school
- 942 third-grade students were used in a study that found callous-unemotional traits were associated with poorer performance on standardized mathematics and reading examinations, even after accounting for conduct problems. They also found poorer student-teacher relationships.
- A study followed children longitudinally and found that behaviour problems at ages 6 and 11 predicted lower maths and reading test scores at age 17, even after controlling for IQ and several environmental factors.
- This study examined conduct disorder and attention difficulties in a birth cohort. Their analysis suggested that early conduct disorder behaviours themselves were not independently related to later school performance once other variables were taken into account. Instead, early attention/cognitive behaviours were more directly related to later school performance.