Executive functioning difficulties
- Experience difficulties with planning, monitoring behaviour, cognitive flexibility, inhibition and controlling impulsive responses
- These are important skills for goal-directed behaviour and decision making
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7133/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Poor inhibitory control/impulsivity
- Difficulties inhibiting automatic or inappropriate responses can contribute to impulsive and aggressive behaviour
- Impairments in executive and motor response inhibition
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11758881/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Working memory difficulties
- Reduced working memory performance, mainly when under stressful conditions
- May make it harder to hold information in mind while completing tasks or following multi-step instructions
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5856866/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Attention difficulties
- Sustaining attention, particularly when under stress
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5856866/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Verbal/language difficulties
- Poorer verbal skills
- Difficulties in comprehension, vocabulary, verbal fluency, verbal expression
- Can affect academic learning
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7133/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Problem solving and reasoning
- Can affect the ability to analyse situations, consider consequences, develop appropriate responses and use abstract reasoning effectively
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7133/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Cognitive flexibility
- Difficulty shifting between strategies or adapting their thinking when circumstances change
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26573117/
IQ/intellectual ability
- Some studies report lower cognitive or IQ scores
- Doesn’t mean all students with CD have low intellectual ability
- Cognitive profiles vary considerable, factors such as ADHD and environmental disadvantage can influence these
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7133/?utm_source=chatgpt.com